Reading Response : Abortion in India Essay

Rushdie, Salman. â€Å"Abortion in India†. Essays. 2nd Edition. Kelly, Joseph. New York; Norton, 2008. 279-282. Print. The articles topic is about the tragedy of abortion of female fetuses in modern day India. I believe the author is trying to say that unnecessary abortions are a type of genocide and a true tragedy. Proving points on both sides saysing that having female abortions could actually be beneficial in that it would decrease overpopulation. He then argued against this belief by stating that in one generation’s time there would be a girl shortage which could cause many problems, including increasing the sexism of Indian society and denying India of all of the wonderful things that women have to offer. The most interesting part of this essay was where Rushdie states that, â€Å"†¦Fundamentally it’s the result of modern technology being placed at the service of medieval social attitudes†. I found this to be a very insightful line and thought it summed up the problem in an interesting and thoughtful way. Although Rushdie is pro-choice, it does not mean he supports women having an abortion simply beacuse they dont want to have a daughter. What should be done when a women uses her power over her own body to discriminate againt female fetuses? Although he respects a womans right to chose, he also strongly believes that this practice is both immoral and unethical. I did not find any sections of this essay to be confusing or problematic. 1)Voluable- Speaking or spoken incessantly and fluently 2)Flamboyant- Tending to attract attention because of their exuberance, confidence, and stylishness. 3)Myraid- A countless or extremely great number 4)Anathematized- To proclaim an anathema on: curse

Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management and Leadership - Essay Example improving the morales of the one single employee or setting the direction for the whole new philosophy of the company,transformational leadership is about to make everyone’s life better. Research suggest that transformational leaders are ranked higher in their effectiveness and financial success besidies gaining enormous employee and customer loyalty. (Armstrong, 1996). However this transformational leadership itself depends upon the level of inspiration of the leader thus inspiration is considered as the essential component of the transformational leadership model. Follower development and follower building is the key to the success of transformational leadership thus it is very important that the leader must have a charimsatic personality. (Dvir, Eden, & Shamir, 2002). Further it is also believed that the transformational leadership has a very strong correlation with the peroformance of the organisation because since the employees get themselves acquinted with the leadership therefore the element of high performance come by itself and people start to associate themselves with the organisation and leadership in more better and fuller way. The evolution of management over the period of time suggest that the monetary benefits now have a very minor impact on the motivation of the employees and that the inspiration and willingness to get the personal satisfaction out of one’s work are now more dominating factors as for as the performance is concerned. The shift from the industrial to service orientation of the organisations neccessiated for the organisations to build strong relationships in order to sucessed. The interdependence of the resources including people and organisation therefore is now a very vital ingredient for the success and development of the organisations. Within this context, for nursing to enjoy a more longer term and better future, it is necessary that a transformational leadership shall come forward to take over the reins of this

Bayesian Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Bayesian Networks - Essay Example BNs are graphical models that set probabilistic relationships among variables of interest. They depict the relationships between causes and effects. The BNs are strong knowledge representation and reasoning tool under conditions of uncertainty. The BNs are a directed acyclic graph having nodes and arcs with a conditional probability distribution linked for each node. Nodes stand for domain variables, and arcs between nodes stand for probabilistic dependencies. Set of nodes and a set of directed links between them must not form a cycle. Each node represents a random variable that can take discrete or continuous finite, mutually exclusive values. These values depend on a probability distribution, which can be different for each node. Each link states probabilistic cause-effect relations among the linked variables. A link is shown by an arc starting from the affecting variable (parent node) and ending on the affected variable (child node). We will use BNs to represent risk. For example, Figure 3.1 shows BN for "Decreased profits" risk. By linking together different risks we can model multiple risks in a project and we will look at this property in Chapter 5. Bayes' Theorem was developed after Rev. Thomas Bayes, an 18th century mathematician and theologian. Bayes set out his theory of probability in Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1764. Richard Price, a friend of Bayes' sent the paper to the Royal Society and wrote: I now send you an essay which I have found among the papers of our deceased friend Mr Bayes, and which, in my opinion, has great merit... In an introduction which he has writ to this Essay, he says, that his design at first in thinking on the subject of it was, to find out a method by which we might judge concerning the probability that an event has to happen, in given circumstances, upon supposition that we know nothing concerning it but that, under the same circumstances, it has happened a certain number of times, and failed a certain other number of times. (Hogben 1970) Laplace accepted Bayes's results in a 1781 memoir and Condorcet rediscovered them (as Laplace mentions). They stayed accepted until Boole doubted them in the Laws of Thought . Mathematically Bayes theorem is stated as: Where it is possible to update our belief in hypothesis H given the additional evidence E. The left-hand term, P(H|E) is known as the "posterior probability," or the probability of H after considering the effect of E. The term P(H) is called the "prior probability" of H. The term P(E|H) is called the "likelihood" and gives the probability of the evidence assuming the hypothesis H is true. Finally, the last term P(E) is free of H and can be viewed as a normalizing or scaling factor. The power of Bayes' theorem is that in many situations where we actually want to calculate p(H|E) it turns out that it is hard to do so directly, yet we might have direct information about the likelihood, p(E|H). Bayes' theorem allows us to calculate p(H|E) in terms of p(E|H). 1.3 The Bayesian Approach to Probability and Statistics Understanding of the Bayesian method to probability and statistics helps to know BNs and related learning techniques. The

HRM of Tesco and Sainsbury Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HRM of Tesco and Sainsbury - Case Study Example The top managers are the ones who make the most crucial decisions of the organisation. The workers and the customers have no say in the decision making process. The writer now looks at the ways that the workers of these two organisations are motivated by the human resource personnel. This will help the writer in identifying the weaknesses and strengths of each motivation procedure. This is very important considering the fact that the business that the writer wants to embark on will be in the line of these two organisations. Tesco and Sainsbury are the competitors that the writer's grocery store will be up against. In this light, it becomes very important to study the dynamics of two organisations that are at extremes; one a success while the other can be described as a kind of a failure. The writer will examine the motivation that the Tesco management uses on their workers to motivate them to be one of the best in the industry. He will also embarking on checking why Sainsbury workers are not as motivated. At the end of the examination, the writer will have a very good idea of how to motivate his workers. He will combine the best aspects of these two different giants while avoiding or modifying the places that the two had gone wrong. The first task will be to examine the motivation theories that the two sets of managers use to motivate their workers. The strengths and weaknesses of both will be noted. This will be made possible by an examination of the leadership styles employed by the two companies. The second task will be to identify the structure, nature and functioning of groups within the organisations. This is because groups and group dynamics is very important to the operations of an organisation. The writer will note the opportunities and threats that these groups and how they are handled poses to the organisations. Lastly, the impacts of the technology on the functioning of the groups will also be examined. Task 1: An Examination of Motivational Theories in Leadership within Sainsbury and Tesco Companies There are many leadership styles as there are leaders. The style that a particular leader opts to employ will depend on his personality, believes and convictions and also the situation under which he is operating. The type of leadership employed is very important since it is going to determine the fate of the organization: whether it will succeed or not. The different forms of leadership styles that are employed by different managers in motivating their staff account for the varying performance that is found between two or more organizations that employ different approaches to leadership. And this explains the different picture that is Tesco chain of stores and Sainsbury, both in Europe. They are both giants, as far as retail market share is concerned. But Sainsbury is more of a small giant in comparison with Tesco. The latter is the market leader in U.K. But Sainsbury comes a distant third, after Asda. It is not far fetched to claim that the difference between the two performances h as been partly as a result of the different leadership styles that are employed by their leaders in motivating their employees. Task 1a: Leadership Style in Tesco and Sainsbury Tesco The word leadership in Tesco's context brings to mind the leadership style that is practiced by Sir Terry Leahy (Heller: 2005). This is the chief executive who has been on the helm of this giant since 1997 (Heller: 2005). Under his

Management auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management auditing - Essay Example This leads to the development of targeted objectives and standards, and the actual standards and objectives are compared to identify the potential gaps and flaws in the system (pickett, 2005). Management Auditing is applied at the core and structure of an organization with its basic emphasis on comprehensively examining the structure, functionalities and governing bodies, departments, division heads and all the major operations of an organization. Moreover, management auditing acts as a powerful tool that has the potential to ascend deep down into the core operations of management of any organization from a highest point to the lowest one. It further ensures that a sound and foolproof management is being conducted internally and strengthens on the enhanced relationship with the outside world only if the internal operations of an organization are run smoothly (Leonard). Management auditing is much frequently interchanged with Internal Auditing or even Operational Auditing. According to IIA Institute of Internal Audit’s CEO, the regulatory environments and complex business systems have evolved as a result of dynamic environment and for this internal audit function has been established to cope up with the solution to these problems. This system has been developed by the internal auditors and the corporate management, therefore this system is significant to the improvement of business performance and suggesting constructive ways of improvements to the line managers. (Wilson and wood, 1985). Management auditing ensures the efficient and managed workability of all business operations. It furnishes improvements and outlines suitable recommendations. It frequently strengthens and enhances the managerial efficiency. Moreover it delineates efficient methods and effective processes whilst designing responsibilities and duties of the work force and lastly it actively seeks the

See order instructions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

See order instructions - Assignment Example Krishna then tells Arjuna that it is his right to fight. He uses the following arguments; Arjuna is a Kshatriya, and so it is his dharma to fight if he disobeys he will suffer bad karma. The other argument is that the soldiers he will kill will not die, and only their bodies will die. Finally, if he refuses to fight the soldiers will die in some other way (Hindu worldviews, p.12). According to the author, the Gita justifies war based on the arguments of Krishna. Also in the Gita there are certain rules about war that are similar to the Western just war principles but justified differently. Most of the Hindu rulers have used war and most of the citizens have supported it. However, from the author most Hindus believe Ahimsa is against both animal sacrifice and war. The best-known anti-war Hindus were Vinoba Bhave and Mohandas K. Gandhi. The author also demonstrates that ‘just war’ which is the use of war to finish a war or injustice as advocated Arjuna by Krishna, shows that the end justifies the means. Gandhi reversed the order and claimed that the means justify the end. Gandhi interpreted the Gita as a spiritual message dealing with the inner human struggle and not external war (Hindu worldviews, p.14). According to the author, Gandhi had an idea that after the end of a war there will be many deaths, and the situation will be worse than it was. He also saw that Arjuna had selfish favoritism since he was not opposed to war he was just opposed to killing his relatives. Therefore, if war were acceptable, he could also kill his relatives. On the other hand, Vinoba noted that Gita teaches about the worship of God and service to others especially that in need and not killing them. The author shows that most Hindus see violence and warfare as a regular part of life, especially the Kshatriyas. The work of police officers in the criminal justice system is to ensure that

Phantom Time Theory Essay Example for Free

Phantom Time Theory Essay There are a few German scholars who believe that a 300 year time period was just written in the history books, without actually existing. The gap in history has been coined the Phantom Time Theory or Phantom Time Hypothesis. Although it is not a very widely accepted theory, there is a fair amount of evidence to back it up. Time itself has very many definitions, the historical records of the time don’t coincide, and astronomy and dendrochronology can’t definitively prove the theory wrong. What exactly is time? One of time’s many definitions is â€Å"the system of those sequential relations that any event has to any other, as past, present, or future; indefinite and continuous duration regarded as that in which events succeed one another,† (Time 784) Basically, this means the order of events occurred in relation to each other. Since there are numerous other definitions time is very subjective and who is to say that time even really exists. Different countries have different calendars and started counting years at other various times. For example, the Islam calendar started in the year we know as 622 AD. Niemitz asks â€Å"How was it possible to insert this phantom time into history? †(8), which has no easy answers. One might respond in a way as to say that we made a mistake when changing from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. If that were to be the case, then how would it have been a 300 year oversight? Maybe, the switch in calendars may just be a small part of the problem; could it have been the start of the falsified history? If so, then where else could the gap have come from? Most of the historical documents of the time seem to have either been falsified or just don’t exist. For example, Heribert Illig believes â€Å"†¦Charlemagne was a fictional character,† (Bellows 1). If Charlemagne was a made-up figure in history, than what else has been made up about that era? Maybe all of it has been fictionalized by some mass conspirators, or maybe certain documents of the time have just been translated incorrectly and certain historical feats did not actually happen. Also, there are large gaps in historical documents like â€Å"†¦the doctrine of faith, especially the gap in the evolution of theory and meaning of purgatory†¦,† (Bellows 3). With gaps in historical documents like this, it leaves a doubt in the mind of anybody that ponders the existence of this time period. If there are gaps in historical documents like this, then maybe there are gaps in the history itself, as well. John states in his narrative that â€Å"Often, historiography just consisted of archiving anything at all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (John 5). So, maybe most of the history as we think we know is nothing but false assumptions. But, this whole theory is built on the word maybe. Other scholars might give Illig more respect for his findings if he could come up with more specific answers that tell both sides of the story. Astronomy is neutral, for the most part, when it comes to the Phantom Time Theory. For example, Beaufort writes â€Å"Ultimate evidence against Illigs hypothesis, based solely on historical solar eclipses can possibly not be found,† (Beaufort 25). So, if solar eclipses can’t prove the theory wrong, then what can? Methods like Dendrochronology, carbon dating, might hold the answer. Unfortunately, â€Å"Despite of calibration a high degree†¦antique period typically up to +/-150 years,† (Beaufort 26). This leaves us once again with no definitive answer on the validity of the hypothesis. At the moment, there is no scientific way to prove the theory valid or invalid, but maybe, some day in the near or possibly distant future, there will be a way to accurately pinpoint the dates when certain historical events happened to put this talk of the theory being a â€Å"conspiracy† to bed. 300 years of our history may just have been thought up in someone’s head and written in the history books, or maybe it is true. There are a few things for certain though: time is very subjective and we could be living in any time period imaginable, depending on when you start counting years. Some historical documentation of the era has been proven to be forged, so we can never distinguish what has actually happened in history and what some writer of a history book just made it up. Lastly, astronomy and dendrochronology don’t give a definitive answer to the questions of when exactly these historical events happened. So, maybe this theory is just some wild thought a few German scholars had, but maybe, in the coming years more and more evidence to prove the theory valid may come out and these crazy scholars would look like geniuses.